AIDS is an acronym for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome and is thought to be caused primarily by a virus that invades white blood cells (lymphocytes) and certain other body cells including the brain.
Although treatments for both AIDS and HIV exist to slow the virus" progression in a human patient, there is no known cure. The rate of clinical disease progression varies widely between individuals and has been shown to be affected by many factors such as host susceptibility.
AIDS is thought to have originated in sub-Saharan Africa during the twentieth century and is now a global epidemic.
In 1983 and 1984, French and U.S. researchers independently identified the virus believed to cause AIDS as an unusual type of slow-acting retrovirus now called « human immunodeficiency virus » or HIV. Like other viruses, HIV is basically a tiny package of genes. But being a retrovirus, it has the rare capacity to copy and insert its genes right into a human DNA.
Once inside a human host cell, the retrovirus using its own capacities begins to copy its genetic code into a DNA molecule which is then incorporated into the host"s DNA. The virus becomes an integral part of the person"s body. But the viral DNA may sit hidden and inactive within human cells for years, until some trigger stimulates it to replicate.
Thus HIV may not produce illness until its genes are «turned on» five, ten, fifteen or perhaps more years after the initial infection.
During the latent period, HIV carriers who harbour the virus without any sign of illness can unknowingly infect others. On average, the dormant virus seems to be triggered into action three to six years after first invading human cells. When switched on, viral replication may speed along, producing new viruses that destroy fresh lymphocytes. As viral replication spreads, the lymphocyte destruction virtually sabotages the entire immune system.
In essence, HIV viruses do not kill people, they merely render the immune system defenceless against other infections, e.g. yeast invasions, toxoplasmosis, cytomegalovirus, massive herpes infections, special forms of pneumonia that kill in half of all AIDS patients.
That is AIDS. There are several types of AIDS. No one has been cured up to the present moment.
Перевод:
СПИД — это аббревиатура для синдрома приобретенного иммунодефицита. Считается, что СПИД вызывается прежде всего вирусом который атакует белые кровяные тельца (лимфоциты) и некоторые другие клетки тела, включая мозг.
Лечение для СПИД и ВИЧ существует, но оно только замедляет течение болезни, вылечить же болезнь оно не может. Клиника болезни очень сильно зависит от индивидуума, при этом на нее влияют многие факторы, включая восприимчивость к болезни.
Считается, что СПИД возник в регионе пустыни Сахара, Африка, в XX веке и сейчас вызвал эпидемию глобального масштаба.
В1983-1984 годах, французские и американские исследователи, независимо друг от друга, выделили данный вирус, который, как считалось, вызывал развитие необычного типа ретровируса замедленного действия, теперь называемого «вирус иммунной недостаточности человека» или ВИЧ. Подобно другим вирусам, ВИЧ — это, в основном, крошечный набор генов. Но из-за того что он является ретровирусом, он имеет редкую способность копировать и встраивать свои гены прямо в ДНК человека.
Однажды попав внутрь человеческого тела, ретровирус, используя свои собственные ресурсы, начинает копировать" свои генетический код в молекулу ДНК, которая после включается в ДНК хозяина. Вирус становится неотъемлемой частью человеческого организма. Но инфицированный вирусом ДНК может сидеть скрытно и бездействовать в человеческих клетках в течение многих лет, пока некий пусковой механизм не активизирует его на размножение.
Таким образом, ВИЧ может не вызывать заболевания, пока его гены не «включены», в течение пяти, десяти, пятнадцати или, возможно, большего количества лет после первичного инфицирования.
Во время латентного периода носители ВИЧ, у которых действие вируса не проявляется, могут неосознанно инфицировать других. Как полагают, в среднем бездействующий вирус активируется через три или шесть лет после попадания в человеческие клетки. Активировавшись, вирусная репликация может пойти по возрастающей, производя новые вирусы, которые уничтожают свежие лимфоциты. Распространяясь, они разрушают лимфоциты, что фактически парализует работу иммунной системы.
В сущности, ВИЧ-вирусы не убивают людей, они просто делают иммунную систему беззащитной против других заразных болезней, например, грибков, токсоплазмоза, цитомегаловируса, тяжелой формы герпеса, особых форм пневмонии, которые убивают больных СПИДом в половине всех случаев.
Вот это и есть СПИД. Имеются несколько типов СПИДа. И до настоящего момента еще никто не смог излечиться от него.
Health is important in our everyday life. Usually people name stress as one of the enemies of their health. But in fact, we don`t wish to think about the reasons of our diseases, but still we are afraid of really dangerous diseases. Most of all we are afraid of cancer.
Then, there are the following diseases on the list of the incurables ones: Alzheimer`s disease, heart diseases, cerebrovascular accidents, loss of vision; and these diseases in comparison with some simple illnesses as the problem with weight or the lost of attractiveness are really dangerous.
Infarctions and cerebrovascular accidents carry away more lives than any other disease, including cancer. Psychologists comment upon it in the following way: “Cancer is a serious illness, one knows about it beforehand and has to live with this further. As for heart diseases people think that they will either die immediately or they will be cured of this or that heart disease.”
It`s curious to find out that every fourth is more afraid of AIDS or Avian influenza than the loss of hearing ability, obesity, and respiratory system diseases.
“Well, before one battles with these mysterious diseases, our attention should be paid to more banal illnesses”, one of the doctors said.
But I think that we should be aware of everything in this world. The list of the incurable diseases is rather big. AIDS, cancer and avian flu are only three of this big list but they are not less serious than others.
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Страшные болезни – Incurable Diseases
My Daughter Learned to Count
My daughter woke me around 11:50 last night. My wife and I had picked her up from her friend Sally’s birthday party, brought her home, and put her to bed. My wife went into the bedroom to read while I fell asleep watching the Braves game.
“Daddy,” she whispered, tugging my shirt sleeve. “Guess how old I’m going to be next month.”
“I don’t know, beauty,” I said as I slipped on my glasses. “How old?”
She smiled and held up four fingers.
He Stood Against My Window
I don’t know why I looked up, but when I did I saw him there. He stood against my window. His forehead rested against the glass, and his eyes were still and light and he smiled a lipstick-red, cartoonish grin. And he just stood there in the window. My wife was upstairs sleeping, my son was in his crib and I couldn’t move. I froze and watched him looking at me through the glass.
Oh, please, no. His smile never moved but he put a hand up and slid it down the glass watching me. With matted hair and yellow skin and face through the window.
Don’t be scared of the monsters, just look for them. Look to your left, to your right, under your bed, behind your dresser, in your closet but never look up, she hates being seen.
What’s in the basement?
Mommy told me never to go into the basement, but I wanted to see what was making that noise. It kind of sounded like a puppy, and I wanted to see the puppy, so I opened the basement door and tiptoed down a bit. I didn’t see a puppy, and then Mommy yanked me out of the basement and yelled at me. Mommy had never yelled at me before, and it made me sad and I cried. Then Mommy told me never to go into the basement again, and she gave me a cookie. That made me feel better, so I didn’t ask her why the boy in the basement was making noises like a puppy, or why he had no hands or feet.
“Yeeeeeeeees?“
When I was a child my family moved into a big old two-floor house, with big empty rooms and creaking floorboards. Both my parents worked so I was often alone when I came home from school. One early evening when I came home the house was still dark.
I called out, “Mum?” and heard her sing song voice say “Yeeeeees?” from upstairs. I called her again as I climbed the stairs to see which room she was in, and again got the same “Yeeeeees?” reply. We were decorating at the time, and I didn’t know my way around the maze of rooms but she was in one of the far ones, right down the hall. I felt uneasy, but I figured that was only natural so I rushed forward to see my mum, knowing that her presence would calm my fears, as a mother’s presence always does.
Just as I reached for the handle of the door to let myself in to the room I heard the front door downstairs open and my mother call “Sweetie, are you home?” in a cheery voice. I jumped back, startled and ran down the stairs to her, but as I glanced back from the top of the stairs, the door to the room slowly opened a crack. For a brief moment, I saw something strange in there, and I don’t know what it was, but it was staring at me.
All I saw was red
I checked into a small hotel. It was late and I was tired. I told the woman at desk that I wanted a room. She gave me the key and said, “One more thing - there is one room without a number on your floor and it is always locked. Don’t even peek in there.” I took the key, went into my room and tried to sleep. Night came and I heard trickling of water. I could not sleep, so I opened my door and went into the hall. The sound was coming from the room with no number. I pounded on the door. No response. I looked into the keyhole and saw nothing except red. Water was still trickling. I went down to the front desk to complain. “By the way who is in that room?” She looked at me and told me the story. There was woman in there. She was murdered by her husband. Her skin was all white, except for her eyes, which were red.
Ниже приведены некоторые наиболее употребительные выражения, которые используются для описания некоторых болей, а также для описания плохого самочувствия.
I"m not feeling very well.
Я не очень хорошо себя чувствую.
I think I"m going down / coming down with a cold. I"ve got a sore throat.
Кажется, я заболел простудой. У меня болит горло.
I"ve got a slight headache / toothache / stomach ache / backache.
У меня немного болит голова / зуб / желудок / спина.
Are you getting enough sleep?
Ты высыпаешься?
I"m not sleeping very well at the moment.
В настоящее время я не очень хорошо сплю.
I feel a little faint.
Я немного дурно себя чувствую.
I"ve got a nagging pain in my shoulder.
У меня ноющая боль в плече.
I"ve got a splitting headache.
У меня сильная (раскалывающая) головная боль.
I feel fine.
Я хорошо себя чувствую.
I always feel sleepy on Mondays.
По понедельникам я всегда хочу спать.
I have a bit of stomach bug.
У меня небольшое расстройство желудка.
"I think I"ve got a bit of a temperature." "Why don"t you go home and have a lie-down?"
Мне кажется, у меня небольшая температура. – Почему бы тебе не пойти домой и не прилечь?
I am not feeling well. I must get some rest.
Я нехорошо себя чувствую. Мне нужно немного отдохнуть.
I"ve got a nasty cough.
У меня сильный кашель.
"You don"t look very well. What happened?" "I have a touch of flu."
Ты не очень хорошо выглядишь. Что случилось? – У меня начинается грипп.
You look a little pale.
Ты выглядишь немного бледным.
Примечания по использованию грамматических правил
Чтобы описать самочувствие в настоящий момент, можно использовать как простое время, так и продолженное.
I feel
fine. = I am feeling
fine.
Я хорошо себя чувствую.
How do
you feel
? = How are
you feeling
?
Как ты себя чувствуешь?
Ill и sick
В британском английском ill часто означает "нездоровый ", "больной ". В американском английском ill обычно используется только в формальном языке. Обратите внимание, что ill может быть только предикативом.
She is ill
.
Она больна.
В качестве атрибута (то есть перед существительным) в британском английском обычно используется sick . Также в американском английском sick , как правило, всегда используется в значении "нездоровый ", "больной " (в отличие от ill в британском английском).
The President is sick
.
Президент болен.
Be sick может означать "тошнить ".
I was sick
three times in the night.
Ночью меня три раза стошнило.
She is never sea-sick
.
Ее никогда не укачивает на воде.
I feel sick
. Where is the bathroom?
Меня тошнит. Где ванная?
Неисчисляемые существительные
Названия болезней в английском языке обычно неисчисляемые, включая и те, которые оканчиваются на –s .
If you have already had measles
, you can"t get it
again.
Если вы уже болели корью, больше вы ей не заразитесь.
There is a lot of flu
around at the moment.
В настоящий момент свирепствует грипп.
В разговорном языке определенный артикль the может использоваться перед некоторыми частыми болезнями, как, например: the measles (корь), the flu (грипп), и др. В остальных случаях артикль не используется.
I think I have got (the) measles.
Кажется, я заразился корью.
Have you had chickenpox?
Ты болел ветрянкой?
Незначительные заболевания
Незначительные заболевания, как правило, исчисляемы, например: a cold (простуда), a sore throat (боль в горле), a headache (головная боль), и др. Однако в британском английском слова toothache (зубная боль), earache (боль в ухе), stomach-ache (боль в животе) и back-ache (боль в спине) являются, обычно, неисчисляемыми. В американском английском данные слова обычно исчисляемые.
I have got a
horrible cold
.
У меня сильная простуда.
Have you got a headache
?
У вас болит голова?
I am getting toothache
. (BrE
)
I am getting a toothache
. (AmE
)
У меня начинает болеть зуб.
People nowadays are more health-conscious than they used to be. They understand that good health is above wealth.
To be healthy we should avoid different bad habits that can affect our health. In my opinion, smoking and drinking too much alcohol, are the worst ones. It"s common knowledge that smoking and drinking can shorten our lives dramatically. Smoking, for example, causes a number of heart and lung diseases, such as pneumonia, emphysema and cancer. Besides, it makes your teeth yellow and skin unhealthy. Fortunately, in recent years smoking has received a lot of bad publicity, and fewer people smoke nowadays. Some companies don"t employ people who are smokers. Smoking has been banned in most public places because everyone agrees it does harm to our health. I don"t smoke, because I don"t want to have unhealthy skin and teeth and die young.
Smoking and drinking are joined by less dangerous habits, such as skipping meals, eating unhealthy food, or even overeating. Of course, they are not quite as deadly as smoking or drinking alcohol, but they also affect our health.
If we eat too much, we"ll become obese, and obesity leads to serious health problems. A lot of people like drinking coca cola and coffee, and enjoy pizzas and hamburgers. But what is tasty is not always healthy. Fast food makes you fat, that"s why Americans are the fattest people in the world.
In recent years eating habits have undergone a change. People are encouraged to eat less fat and more fibre. Fat is believed to be one of the major causes of obesity and heart disease. High fibre and low fat foods can now be found in all shops and supermarkets. Salads, beans, and fruit have taken the place of steak and ice cream. The fashion for health food is growing all the time.
To my mind, the only way to stay healthy and to keep fit is by going in for sports. Among the benefits of regular exercise are a healthier heart, stronger bones, quicker reaction times and more resistance to various illnesses. Besides, you can eat and drink as much as you want because you are burning it all off.
To be healthy, it is also very important to spend a lot of time in the open air. It is useful to go for a walk before going to bed, or to air the room.
I think it is very important to be fit and healthy, and it is necessary to take care of your health. Being fat, in fact, can cause real problems. It is harder for fat people to get a good job, or even to make friends. If you want to do well, you must be thin. That"s why I go in for sports on a regular basis. I have been doing aerobics for three years and I feel great. I am not enthusiastic about strict dieting, but I try to eat only low-fat food, and fruit and vegetables which are rich in vitamins.
Personally I believe that regularity in life promotes our health. Sleeping eight or nine hours, getting up early, regular meals, a healthy diet and go.